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Chapter 2: Leaf Structure and Function
Bab 2: Struktur dan Fungsi Daun
1)Huraikan struktur luar daun / describe external structures of a leaf
Jawapan / Answer
Lamina / Lamina
- berbentuk leper untuk memberi luas permukaan yang besar supaya dapat menyerap cahaya matahari yang maksimum.
- Berstruktur nipis dan lebar untuk membenarkan karbon dioksida menyerap dengan cekap
- flat shape that gives a large surface area to aborbs maximum sunlgiht.
- has thin and broad structure to allow carbon dioxide diffuse effectively.
Petiol / petiole
- membentuk jaringan urat untuk menyokong lamina
- form network of vein to support lamina
2) Huraikan stuktur dalaman lamina daun
describe internal structure of a leaf lamina
Jawapan / Answer
3) Terangkan keperluan pertukaran gas kepada tumbuhan.
Explain the necessity of gaseous exchange in plants. (2m)
Jawapan / Answer
- tumbuhan memerlukan oksigen untuk menjalani respirasi sel dan karbon dioksida untuk menjalani fotosintesis.
- Plants require oxygen to perform cellular respiration and carbon dioxide to perform photosynthesis.
4) a) huraikan mekanisme pembukaan stoma
explain the mechanism of stomatal opening.
Jawapan / Answer
- Semasa hari siang, ion kalium dan klorida bergerak dari sel epidermis ke dalam sel pengawal
- Hal ini meningkatkan kepekatan ion kalium dan klorida dalam sel pengawal.
- Dengan kehadiran cahaya, fotosintesis berlaku.
- Kepekatan sukrosa di dalam sel pengawal meningkat, maka keupayaan air di dalam sel pengawal menurun.
- air meresap ke dalam sel pengawal secara osmosis.
- sel pengawal menjadi segah dan melengkung ke luar. Stoma terbuka
- During daylight, potassium and chloride ion move from the epidermis cells into guard cells.
- This increases the concentration of potassium and chloride ion in the guard cell.
- In the presence of sunlight, photosynthesis occurs
- concentration of sucrose in the guard cells increases, therefore the water potential in the guard cell decreases.
- water diffuses into guard cell by osmosis
- The guard cell become turgid dan curve outward. Stoma opens.
4) b) huraikan mekanisme penutupan stoma / explain the mechanism of stomatal closing.
Jawapan / Answer
- Semasa hari senja, ion kalium dan klorida bergerak keluar dari sel pengawal ke sel epidermis.
- Hal ini menurun kepekatan ion kalium dan klorida dalam sel pengawal.
- Tanpa kehadiran cahaya, fotosintesis tidak berlaku.
- Kepekatan sukrosa di dalam sel pengawal menurun, maka keupayaan air di dalam sel pengawal meningkat.
- air meresap keluar dari sel pengawal secara osmosis.
- sel pengawal menjadi flasid dan melengkung ke dalam. Stoma tertutup
- During dusk, potassium and chloride ion move from the guard cells into epidermis cells.
- This decreases the concentration of potassium and chloride ion in the guard cell.
- In the absence of sunlight, photosynthesis does not occurs
- concentration of sucrose in the guard cells decreases, therefore the water potential in the guard cell increases.
- water diffuses out of guard cell by osmosis
- The guard cell become flaccid dan curve inward. Stoma closed.
5) Apabila berlakunya kemarau yang berpanjangan, terangkan kesanya terhadap stoma.
When there is prolonged drought, explain the effects on stoma. (3m)
Jawapan / Answer
Stoma akan ditutup walaupun pada waktu siang
Penutupan stoma dikawal oleh fitohormon ,a sid absisik
Stoma tertutup untuk mengurangkan kehilangan air secara transpirasi
Stomata remain closed even during the day
The closing of stomata are controlled by phytohormone, abscisic acid
Closing of stomata reduce water loss by transpiration
6) Kepentigan transpirasi dalam tumbuhan
importance of transpiration in plants (3m)
Jawapan / Answer
Menghasilkan daya tarikan yang menggerakkan air dan garam mineral dari akar ke sel tumbuhan
Membekalkan air kepada sel untuk memastikan kesegahan sel
Memberi kesan penyejukan kepada tumbuhan
Produce a pulling force that moves water and mineral from root to plant cell
Supplies water to the cells to ensure cell turgidity
Gives cooling effects to the plants
7) Terangkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi
Describe factor that affecting the rate of transpiration
a) Keamatan cahaya / Light intensity
Jawapan / Answer
Semakin tinggi keamatan cahaya, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi
Apabila kadar transpirasi maksimum, peningkatan keamatan cahaya tidak meningkatkan kadar transpirasi kerana semua stoma telah terbuka
The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of transpiration
When the rate of transpiration is at maximum, the increasing in light intensity does not increase the rate of transpiration because all stomata are opened
b) Suhu / Temperature
Jawapan / Answer
Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi
Apabila kadar transpirasi maksimum, peningkatan suhu tidak meningkatkan kadar transpirasi kerana stoma akan menutup untuk mengelakkan kehilangan air yang berlebihan
The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of transpiration
When the rate of transpiration is at maximum, the increasing in temperature does not increase the rate of transpiration because stomata are closed to avoid excessive water loss
c) Pergerakan udara / movement of air
Jawapan / Answer
Semakin tinggi kelajuan angin, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi
Pergerakan udara menyingkirkan wap air yang telah meresap keluar dari daun.
The higher the wind speed, the higher the rate of transpiration
The movement of air removes water vapour that have been diffused out from the leaves
d) Kelembapan relatif udara / Relative air humidity
Jawapan / Answer
Semakin rendah kelembapan relatif udara, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi
Apabila kelembapan relatif udara yang rendah, wap air dalam ruang udara meresap keluar dan tersenjat dengan pantas melalui stoma
The lower the relative humidity of air, the higher the rate of transpiration
When the relative humidity of air is low, water vapour within air spaces diffuses out and evaporates rapidly through the stomata
8) Susunan radas untuk mengkaji kesan faktor persekitaran terhadap kadar transpirasi
Apparatus arrangement to study about the effect of enviromental factor toward rate of transpiration
Jawapan / Answer
Nyatakan keperluan Fotosintesis dalam Tumbuhan
State the Necessity of Photosynthesis in Plants
Jawapan / Answer
Menyediakan sumber asas makanan dalam ekosistem
Providing the basic food source in ecosystems
Mengekalkan aliran tenaga dalam ekosistem
Maintaining energy flow in ecosystems
Mengekalkan keseimbangan oksigen dan karbon dioksida Maintaining an oxygen and carbon dioxide balance
Terangkan susunan daun yang membantu peningkatan kadar fotosintesis
Explain the leaves arrangement that will help in increasing the rate of photosynthesis.
Jawapan / Answer
Susunan mozek daun
Minimumkan pertindihan daun tetapi maksimumkan pendedahan daun kepada cahaya matahari
Mosaic arrangement of leaves
Minimizes overlapping but maximizes leaf exposure to sunlight
Label struktur dalam kloroplas
Label Structure in the chloroplast
Jawapan / Answer
Tilakoid / Thylakoid
Mengandungi klorofil
Contains chlorophyll
Tapak tindak balas tidak bersandarkan cahaya
Site for light-independent reaction
Stroma
Tapak tindak balas tidak bersandarkan cahaya
Site for light-independent reaction
Granum
Terdiri daripada tilakoid yang tersusun untuk meningkatkan luas permukaan bagi fotosintesis yang optimum
Consists of stack of thylakoids to increase the surface area for optima photosynthesis
Lukiskan dan terangkan peta minda ringkas process fotosintesis berdasarkan tindak balas bersandarkan cahaya dan tindak balas tidak bersandarkan cahaya
Draw and explain mindmap of photosynthesis based on Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.
Jawapan / Answer
Tindak balas bersandarkan cahaya / Light-dependent reactions
Dalam tilakoid / In Thylakoid
Cahaya kepada penghasilan diserap oleh klorofil, membawa ATP (tenaga kimia).
Light in the production of is absorbed by chlorophyll, which results ATP (chemical energy)
Cahaya juga diserap oleh air, yang kemudian dipecahkan secara oksigen fotolisis untuk menghasilkan oksigen dan hidrogen
Light is also absorbed by water, which is split by photolysis hydrogen to produce dan oxygen and hydrogen.
hydrogen dan oksigen digunakan ATP dalam tindak balas tidak bersandarkan cahaya.
The hydrogen and the light independent reactions. ATP are used in the light independent reactions
Oksigen dibebaskan melalui stomata sebagai hasil buangan.
Oxygen is released through stomata as a waste product.
Tindak balas tidak bersandarkan cahaya / Light-independent reactions
Dalam Stroma / in Stroma
ATP dan hidrogen (dibawa oleh NADPH) dipindah ke stroma.
ATP and hydrogen (carried by NADPH) are transferred to stroma.
Hidrogen bergabung karbon dioksida untuk membentuk dengan sebatian kompleks organik (contoh: glukosa, asid amino)
The hydrogen is combined with carbon dioxide to form complex ATP organic compounds (e.g. glucose, amino acids.)
membekalkan tenaga yang diperlukan untuk tindak balas anabolisme dan pengikatan molekul karbon
The ATP provides the required energy to power these anabolic reactions and fix the together.
Bandingkan tindak balas bersandarkan cahaya dan tindak balas tidak bersandarkan cahaya.
Compare Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.
Jawapan / Answer
Persamaan / Similarities:
Kedua-dua tindak balas beralku di dalam kloroplas
Both reactions occurs in chloroplast
Kedua-dua tindak balas melibatkan tindak balas kimia dengan enzim
Both reactions involve chemical reaCtion with enzymes
Kedua-dua tindak balas berlaku pada waktu siang
Both reactions occur in daytime
Perbezaan / Differences
Terangkan faktor -faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar fotosintesis
Explain the factors affecting the rate of reactions
Keamatana cahaya Light intensity
Jawapan / Answer
Cahaya diperlukan semasa tindak balas bersandarkan cahaya.
Light is needed during light-dependent reactions.
Apabila keamatan cahaya meningkat, kadar fotosintesis meningkat.
Light is needed during light-dependent reactions.
X ialah takat ketepuan cahaya. Selepas X, apabila keamatan cahaya meningkat, kadar fotosintesis tidak akan meningkat.
X is the saturation point of light. After X, when the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis does not increase.
Kepekatan karbon dioksida / Carbon Dioxide concentration
Jawapan / Answer
Kepekatan karbon dioksida
Peningkatan kepekatan karbon dioksida akan meningkatkan kadar fotosintesis.
The increase in carbon dioxide concentration will increase the rate of photosynthesis.
Pada titik X, kadar fotosintesis akan menjadi malar. Apabila kepekatan karbon dioksida meningkat selepas titik X, kadar fotosintesis tidak meningkat disebabkan oleh faktor pengehad , keamatan cahaya
At point X, the rate of photosynthesis will be constant. When the concentration of carbon dioxide increases after X, the rate of photosynthesis does not increase due to the limiting factor, light intensity.
Suhu / Temperature
Jawapan / Answer
Apabila suhu meningkat, kadar fotosintesis turut meningkat.
When the temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases.
X adalah suhu optimum bagi fotosintesis. Kadar tindak balas fotosintesis adalah paling maksimum. Kebiasaannya, suhu optimum bagi tumbuhan di antara 25 °C ke 30°C.
X is the optimum temperature for photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis is at maximum. Usually, the optimum temperature in plants is between 25 °C to 30 °C.
Kadar fotosintesis menurun apabila suhu meningkat melebihi suhu optimum. Enzim ternyahasli apabila suhu terlampau tinggi.
The rate of photosynthesis decreases when the temperature is above the optimum temperature. Enzymes will be denatured if the temperature is too high.
Terangkan kesan perubahan keamatan cahaya dan warna terhadap kadar fotosintesis
Explain effects of different light intensities and colours of light on rate of photosynthesis
Jawapan / Answer
Spektrum serapan / Absorption Spectrum
Pigmen fotosintesis yang berlainan menyerap warna cahaya yang berbeza.
Different photosynthetic pigments absorb different colours of light
Cahaya biru dan merah paling tinggi diserap oleh klorofil
Blue and red light are most strongly absorbed by chlorophyll
Spektrum tindakan / Action spectrum
Kadar keseluruhan fotosintesis pada setiap warna cahaya.
The overall rate of photosynthesis at each colours of light.
Cahaya biru dan merah memberikan kadar fotosintesis yang paling tinggi
Blue and red light give the highest rates of photosynthesis
Apakah titik pampasan.
What is compensation point.
Jawapan / Answer
Keamatan cahaya apabila kadar respirasi sel sama dengan kadar fotosintesis
Light intensity when rate of cell respiration same as the rate of transpiration
Bandingkan fotosintesis dengan respirasi sel dalam sel
Compare Photosynthesis and cellular respiration in plants
Jawapan / Answer
Persamaan / Similarities
Kedua-dua proses melibatkan pertukaran gas
Both porcess involved the exchanges of gaseous
Terangkan hubungan antara keamatan cahaya dan pencapaian titik pampasan dengan menggunakan graf
Explains the relationship between light intensity and compensation point using a graph
Jawapan / Answer
Dalam gelap / In darkness:
Tumbuhan hijau tidak melakukan fotosintesis tetapi respirasi berterusan.
A green plant cannot photosynthesise but respiration continues.
Kepekatan karbon dioksida meningkat.
Carbon dioxide concentration rises.
Apabila keamatan cahaya meningkat / When the light intensity increases:
Kadar fotosintesis meningkat tapi kadar respirasi sel masih lebih tinggi berbanding kadar fotosintesis
Rate of photosynthesis rises but the rate of cell respiration is still higher than rate of photosynthesis
Pada titik pampasan / At the ceompensation points:
Kadar fotosintesis sama dengan kadar respirasi sel
Rate of photosynthesis same as rate of cell respiration
Semua CO, yang dibebaskan semasa respirasi tumbuhan digunakan semula dalam fotosintesis.
All the CO₂ produced in respiration by the plant is reused in photosynthesis.
Tiada pertukaran bersih gas.
There is no net exchange of gases.
Keamatan cahaya terus bertambah / Light intensity increases further:
Kadar fotosintesis lebih tinggi berbanding respirasi. Photosynthesis rate higher than respiration.
Pengambilan bersih karbon dioksida dan pembebasan bersih oksigen.
Net uptake of carbon dioxide and net release of oxygen.
Penghasilan gukosa lebih tinggi daripada penggunaan glukosa, glukosa yang berlebihan disimpan dalam bentuk kanji dalam tumbuhan
Production of glucose is higher than the consumption of glucose, the excess glucose is stored in plants in form of starch.
Penyerapan karbon dioksida tidak meningkat lagi / Absorption of carbon dioxide does not further increases :
Faktor lain (contoh:kepekatan CO₂) menghadkan kadar fotosintesis.
Another factor (e.g. CO₂ concentration) limits the rate of photosynthesis.
Terangkan kesan kadar fotosintesis dan kadar respirasi sel kekal pada titik pampasan terhadap tumbuhan
Explains the effect of rate of photosynthesis and rate of cellular respiration remain at its compensation point
Jawapan / Answer
Kadar fotosintesis sama dengan kadar respirasi sel, maka, semua glukosa yang dihasilkan digunakan oleh prosess respirasi sel.
Rate of photosynthesis is same as the rate of cellular respiration, therefore, all glucose that produced is used in respiration process
Tenaga yang dihasilkan hanya mencukupi untuk kegunaan harian tumbuhan.
Energy produced only enough for daily use of plant.
Pertumbuhan tumbuhan akan terencat
Growth of plant will be stunted
Tumbuhan tidak dapat menghasilkan bunga, biji benih dan buah.
Plant unable to produce flower, seeds and fruits.
Tiada makanan simpanan yang berlebihan dalam tumbuhan.
No excess food storage in the plants.